Vol. 63 No. 2 (2015)
Research Article

Japanese Young Adults’ Disrespectful Forms of Address for Fathers Predict Feelings of Rejection and Depression

Published 2015-06-01

Abstract

Abstract

Japanese young adults’ forms of address for their parents (e.g., Dad) reportedly demonstrate their respect for their parents. Such respect has been linked to young adults’ interpersonal attitudes as well as depressive symptoms. Given these relationships, the present study identified possible links between young adults’ forms of address for their parents, perceived parent-child relationships, interpersonal attitudes, and depressive symptoms. Participants were 226 Japanese college students. Young adults’ disrespectful forms of address for parents were positively correlated with feelings of rejection and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, young adults’ disrespectful forms of address for fathers predicted the adults’ feelings of rejection and depressive symptoms, although there were no such relationships for disrespectful forms of address for mothers. These findings indicated that young adults’ disrespectful forms of address for parents, especially fathers, were linked to their negative interpersonal attitudes and depressive symptoms.

References

  1. Akita-kenritsu-akita toshokan. 1979. Kokutenruisyo. Akita, Japan: Akitaken-kyoikuiinkai.
  2. Armsden, Gay, Elizabeth McCauley, Mark Greenberg, Patrick Burke, and Jeffrey R. Mitchell. 1990. “Parent and Peer Attachment in Early Adolescent Depression.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 18: 683–697.
  3. Baumrind, Diana. 1971. “Current Patterns of Parental Authority.” Developmental Psychology 4: 1–103.
  4. Bowlby, John. 1973. Attachment and Loss: Volume 2. Separation Anxiety and Anger. New York: Basic Books.
  5. Brown, Roger, and Albert Gilman. 1960. “The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity.” Style and Language. Ed. Thomas Sebeok. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 253–276.
  6. Buri, John. 1991. “Parental Authority Questionnaire.” Journal of Personality Assessment 57: 110–119.
  7. Chao, Ruth. 1994. “Beyond Parental Control and Authoritarian Parenting Style: Understanding Chinese Parenting through the Cultural Notion of Training.” Child Development 65: 1111–1119.
  8. Crozier, Ray, and Patricia S. Dimmock. 1999. “Name-calling and Nicknames in a Sample of Primary School Children.” British Journal of Educational Psychology 69: 505–516.
  9. Crozier, Ray, and Evanthia Skliopidou. 2002. “Adult Recollections of Name-calling at School.” Educational Psychology 22: 113–124.
  10. Dickey, Eleanor. 1997. “Forms of Address and Terms of Reference.” Journal of Linguistics 33: 255–274.
  11. Hotta, Yukiyoshi. 2007. Kinseibuke no Ko to Shakai: Mibunkakushiki to Namae ni miru Shakaizo. Tokyo: Tosui-shobo.
  12. Hozumi, Nobushige. 1926. Jitsumei-keihizoku-kenkyu. Tokyo: Toko-shoin.
  13. Hwang, Kwang-Kuo. 1999. “Filial Piety and Loyalty: Two Types of Social Identification in Confucianism.” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2: 163–183.
  14. Ide, Sachiko. 1982. “Japanese Sociolinguistics Politeness and Women’s Language.” Lingua 57: 357–385.
  15. Keltner, Dacher, Deborah Gruenfeld, and Cameron Anderson. 2003. “Power, Approach, and Inhibition.” Psychological Review 110: 265–284.
  16. Kerns, Kathryn, and Amy Stevens. 1996. “Parent-child Attachment in Late Adolescence: Links to Social Relations and Personality.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 25: 323–342.
  17. Kerr, Margaret, Håkan Stattin, and Metin Özdemir. 2012. “Perceived Parenting Style and Adolescent Adjustment: Revisiting Directions of Effects and the Role of Parental Knowledge.” Developmental Psychology 48: 1540–53.
  18. Kim, Seran. 2002. “Kazokukan no Koshohyogen niokeru Tsujitekikenkyu: Kodomo-chushinteki-yoho ni Chakumoku shite.” Gendaishakaibunka-kenkyu 24: 269–286.
  19. Kitamura, Toshinori, and Tadaharu Suzuki. 1993. “A Validation Study of the Parental Bonding Instrument in a Japanese Population.” Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology 47: 29–36.
  20. Koo, John. 1992. “The Term of Address ‘You’ in South Korea Today.” Korean Journal 32: 27–42.
  21. Kuroda, Motoki. 1997. “Keichoki-daimyo no shisei to kan-i.” Nihonshi-kenkyu 414: 1–26.
  22. Lawson, Edwin. 1984. “Personal Names: 100 Years of Social Science Contributions.” Names: A Journal of Onomastics 32: 45–73.
  23. Leary, Mark, Ellen Tambor, Sonja Terdal, and Deborah L. Downs. 1995. “Self-esteem as an Interpersonal Monitor: The Sociometer Hypothesis.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68: 518–530.
  24. Lilliefors, Hubert. 1967. “On the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for Normality with Mean and Variance Unknown.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 62: 399–402.
  25. Mitsui-bunko. 1971. Mitsui Gigyoshi: Shiryo hen Dai ikkan. Tokyo: Mitsui-bunko.
  26. Mizuno, Noriko. 1992. “Kosekiseido: Shinseiki no Nihonhou, Global jidai no Shinro.” Jurist 1000: 163–171.
  27. Otoh, Osamu. 2012. Nihonjin no Sei, Myoji, Namae: Jinmei ni Kizamareta Rekishi. Tokyo: Yoshikawa-kobunkan.
  28. Parker, Gordon, Hilary Tupling, and L. B. Brown. 1979. “Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI).” British Journal of Medical Psychology 52: 1–10.
  29. Patock-Peckham, Julie, and Antonio A. Morgan-Lopez. 2007. “College Drinking Behaviors: Mediational Links between Parenting Styles, Parental Bonds, Depression, and Alcohol Problems.” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 21: 297–306.
  30. Peng, Fred. 1974. “Communicative Distance.” Language Sciences 31: 32–38.
  31. Radloff, Lenore Sawyer. 1977. “The CES-D Scale: A Self-report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population.” Applied Psychological Measurement 1: 385–401.
  32. Santor, Darcy, David Zuroff, J. O. Ramsay, Pablo Cervantes, and Jorge Palacios. 1995. “Examining Scale Discriminability in the BDI and CES-D as a Function of Depressive Severity.” Psychological Assessment 7: 131–139.
  33. Sato, Minoru. 2007. Yominikui Namae ha naze fuetaka. Tokyo: Yoshikawa-kobunkan.
  34. Shima, Satoru, Tatsuo Kano, and Toshinori Kitamura. 1985. “Atarashii Yokuutsusei-jikohyokashakudo nitsuite.” Seishinigaku 27: 717–723.
  35. Smetana, Judith. 1995. “Parenting Styles and Conceptions of Parental Authority during Adolescence.” Child Development 66: 299–316.
  36. Sugiyama, Takashi, and Shinji Sakamoto. 2006. “Yokuutsu to Taijinkankeiyoin no Kenkyu: Hijyuyokan, Hikyozetsukan Shakudo no Sakusei to Yokuutsuteki jiko ninchikatei no Kento.” The Japanese Journal of Health Psychology 19: 1–10.
  37. Suzuki, Keisuke. 1993. “Anketochosanokekkatokomento.” Tozainanboku 1993: 112–121.
  38. Unser-Schutz, Giancarla. 2014. “The Use and Non-use of Japanese Names by Non-Japanese.” Names: A Journal of Onomastics 62: 202–213.
  39. Wilhelm, Kay, Heather Niven, Gordon Parker, and Dusan Hadzi-Pavlovic. 2005. “The Stability of the Parental Bonding Instrument over a 20-Year Period.” Psychological Medicine 35: 387–393.
  40. Wood, Linda, and Rolf Kroger. 1991. “Politeness and Forms of Address.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 10: 145–168.
  41. Yokotani, Kenji. 2012. “How Young Adults Address their Parents Reflects their Perception of Parenting.” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 15: 284–289.
  42. Yokotani, Kenji. 2013a. “Avoidant Addresses in Japanese Families Reflect Family Conflicts.” Psychology of Language and Communication 17: 65–77.
  43. Yokotani, Kenji. 2013b. “Acknowledged Spousal Forms of Address Predict Couple Communication Patterns.” Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychological Sciences 56: 20–32.
  44. Yokotani, Kenji. 2014a. Kazokunai-kosho no Shinrigaku. Kyoto, Japan: Nakanishiya-Shuppan.
  45. Yokotani, Kenji. 2014b. “Links Between Impolite Spousal Forms of Address and Intimate Partner Violence Against Women.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology in press.
  46. Yokotani, Kenji, and Keizo Hasegawa. 2011. “Kodomo kara Oya heno Kosho to Aichakutaido.” Japanese Journal of Family Psychology 25: 45–55.