Vol. 52 No. 4 (2004)
Research Article

Nicknames of American Civil War Generals

Published 2004-12-01

Abstract

Abstract

This study examines the nicknames of American Civil War Generals. Beyond categorizing these names in terms of “external” physical or behavioral characteristics, and “internal” word play, this analysis offers a context and a semantic paradigm for understanding their referential and expressive aspects, and the prevailing cultural values associated with them. Few Generals were given nicknames. Those that did had to have had some characteristic or had to have done something that made them distinctive. A distinction is made between those nicknames that were given by men who had a personal relationship with the nicknamee and those who did not. Examples are given of the way these nicknames affected attitudes toward and the behavior of nicknamees.

References

  1. Abel, E. Lawrence. 2000. Singing The New Nation. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books.
  2. Allardice, Bruce S. 1995. More Generals In Gray. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
  3. Allen, Irving Lewis. 1983. The Language of Ethnic Conflict: Social Organization and Lexical Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.
  4. Anonymous. 2004. “Aphorisms, Quotations & Wisecracks.” Littlecalamity.tripod.com/Quotes/F.html.
  5. Anderson, Nancy Scott and Anderson, Dwight. 1988. The Generals. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  6. Butkus, Alvydas. 1999. “An outline and classification of Lithuanian names.” Names 47:125–38.
  7. Campbell, R. Thomas. 2000. Sea Hawk Of The Confederacy. Lt. Charles W. Read And The Confederate Navy. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press.
  8. Catton, Bruce. 1970. Prefaces to History. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
  9. Cohen, Eugene, N. 1973. Nicknames, social boundaries, and community in an Italian village. International Journal of Contemporary Society 93:200–202.
  10. De Klerk, Vivian and Bosch, Barbara. 1996. “Nicknames as sex-role stereotypes.” Names 35:525–541.
  11. Dukert, Aurdrey. R. 1973. “Place nicknames.” Names 21:153–163.
  12. Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. 2001. Civil War High Commands. Stanford: University Press.
  13. Editors. 1972. “General Schimmelfenning’s Headquarters.” Civil War Times Illustrated 10:18–19.
  14. Freeman, Douglas Southall. 1942. Lee’s Lieutenants. A Study in Command. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  15. Frey, Albert R. 1888. Sobriquets and Nicknames. Boston: Ticknor and Co. Repr. Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1966.
  16. Gladkova, Anna. 2002. “The semantics of nicknames of the American Presidents.” Proceedings of the 2002 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society. www2.hu-berlin.de/angl/tappe_semantics.html.
  17. Harre, Rom. 1980. “What’s in a nickname?” Psychology Today. January, 78–84.
  18. Herbert, Walter H. 1999. Fighting Joe Hooker. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
  19. Holland, Theodore J. Jr. 1990. The many faces of nicknames. Names 38:255–273.
  20. Lewis, Margaret Jane. 1970. “Some nicknames and their derivations.” Mississippi Folklore Register 4:52–57.
  21. McClure, Peter. 1981. “Nicknames and petnames: Linguistic forms and social contexts.” Nomina 5:63–76.
  22. McWhiney, Grady C. 1972. “Braxton Bragg.” Civil War Times Illustrated 11:5–7,44–47.
  23. Moore, Samuel McDowell. April 1861. “Military qualifications of Thomas Jackson.” Quoted by Library of Congress Website. Today in History. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan21.html.
  24. Plezia, Don. 2000. “‘Slow Trot’ and other Thomas nicknames!” www.AotC.net.
  25. Pollard, Edward A. 1867. Lee and His Lieutenants. New York: E.B. Treat and Co.
  26. Robertson, James I. Jr. 1997. Stonewall Jackson. The ManiThe SoldieriThe Legend. New York: Macmillan Publishing.
  27. Shanks, William F. G. 1866. Personal Recollections Of Distinguished Generals. New York: Harper & Brothers.
  28. Sifakis, Carl. 1984. The Dictionary of Historic Nicknames. A Treasury of More than 7,500 Famous and Infamous Nicknames from World History. New York: Facts on File.
  29. Stankle, George Earlie. 1937. American Nicknames. Their Origin and Significance. New York: H.W. Wilson Company.
  30. Stout, L. H. 1942. Reminiscences of General Braxton Bragg. Hattiesburg, Mississippi: Boo Farm.
  31. Symonds, Craig L. 1992. Joseph E. Johnston. New York: W.W. Norton and Co.
  32. Tagg, Larry. 1988. The Generals Of Gettysburg. The Leaders of America’s Greatest Battle. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press.
  33. Warner, Ezra. J. 1964. Generals in Blue. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
  34. Warner, Ezra. J. 1959. Generals in Gray. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
  35. Waugh, John C. 1994. The Class Of 1846. From West Point to Appomattox: Stonewall JacksoniGeorge McClellan And Their Brothers. New York: Time Warner.
  36. Wierzbicka, Anna. 1992. SemanticsiCultureiAnd Cognition. Human Concepts in Culture-Specific Configurations. New York: Oxford University Press.
  37. Wilson, Brenda S. and Skipper, James K. Jr. 1985. “Nicknames and women professional baseball players.” Names 38:305–320.
  38. Wright, John D. 2001. The Language Of The Civil War. Westport, Connecticut: Oryx Press.
  39. Zaitzow, B. H., Skipper, J.K. Jr. and Bryant, B. 1997. “Nicknames of felons.” Names 45:83–99.