Vol. 70 No. 2 (2022): Names: A Journal of Onomastics
Articles

Gendering Urban Namescapes: The Gender Politics of Street Names in an Eastern European City

Mihai S. Rusu
Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu

Published 2022-06-03

Keywords

  • place-names,
  • gender,
  • Romania,
  • street names,
  • political toponymy

Abstract

The gender relations of power embedded within the urban landscape and materialized in street nomenclature remain an underexplored topic in place-name studies. This paper situates the gendered spaces of street names within the broader investigation of identity politics played out in the public space. Drawing on scholarship from “critical toponymies”, this article diachronically examines the gender patterning of urban nomenclature in a city from Eastern Europe (Sibiu, formerly Hermannstadt, Romania). For this purpose, a dataset was compiled from the entire street nomenclature of the city across seven successive historical periods, from 1875 to 2020 (n = 2,766). The statistical analyses performed on this dataset revealed a “masculine default” as a structuring principle underpinning Sibiu’s urban namescape for the two centuries investigated. As this analysis demonstrates, contrary to the overall democratization of the Romanian post-socialist society, Sibiu’s streetscape continues to tell a patriarchal story informed by hegemonic masculinity.

References

  1. Alderman, Derek H. 2002a. “School Names as Cultural Arenas: The Naming of U.S. Public Schools after Martin Luther King, Jr.”. Urban Geography 23, no. 7: 601–626.
  2. Alderman, Derek H. 2002b. “Street Names as Memorial Arenas: The Reputational Politics of Commemorating Martin Luther King in a Georgia County”. Historical Geography 30: 99–120.
  3. Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
  4. Azaryahu, Maoz. 1990. “Renaming the Past: Changes in ‘City Text’ in Germany and Austria, 1945–1947”. History and Memory 2, no. 2: 32–53.
  5. Azaryahu, Maoz. 1996. “The Power of Commemorative Street Names”. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14, no. 3: 311–330.
  6. Bake, Rita. 2015. Ein Gedächtnis der Stadt: Nach Frauen und Männern benannte Straßen, Plätze, Brücken in Hamburg. Band 1 Überblick und Analyse [A Memory of the City: Streets, Squares, Bridges in Hamburg Named after Men and Women. Volume 1 Overview and Analysis]. Hamburg: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung.
  7. Berg, Lawrence D., and Jani Vuolteenaho, eds. 2009. Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
  8. Berg, Lawrence D., and Robin A. Kearns. 1996. “Naming as Norming: Race, Gender, and the Identity Politics of Naming Places in Aotearoa/New Zealand”. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14, no. 1: 99–122.
  9. Bourdieu, Pierre. 2001. Masculine Domination. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  10. Brasher, Jordan P., Derek H. Alderman, and Aswin Subanthore. 2020. “Was Tulsa’s Brady Street Really Renamed? Racial (In)Justice, Memory-Work and the Neoliberal Politics of Practicali-ty”. Social & Cultural Geography 21, no. 9: 1223–1224.
  11. Bucher, Slavomír, René Matlovič, Alena Lukáčová, et al. 2013. “The Perception of Identity through Urban Toponyms in the Regional Cities of Slovakia”. Anthropological Notes 19, no. 3: 23–40.
  12. Bucur, Maria. 2018. “From Invisibility to Marginality: Women’s History in Romania”. Women’s History Review 27, no. 1: 48–57.
  13. Caliendo, Guillermo G. 2011. “MLK Boulevard: Material Forms of Memory and the Social Contestation of Racial Signification”. Journal of Black Studies 42, no. 7: 1148–1170.
  14. Chloupek, Brett R. 2019. “Public Memory and Political Street Names in Košice: Slovakia’s Multiethnic Second City”. Journal of Historical Geography 64: 25–35.
  15. Cohen, Saul B., and Nurit Kliot. 1992. “Place‐Names in Israel’s Ideological Struggle over the Administered Territories”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82, no. 4: 653–680.
  16. Crețan, Remus and Philip W. Matthews. 2016. “Popular Responses to City‐Text Changes: Street Naming and the Politics of Practicality in a Post‐socialist Martyr City”. Area 48, no. 1: 92–102.
  17. Czepczyński, Mariusz. 2016. Cultural Landscapes of Post-socialist Cities: Representation of Powers and Needs. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
  18. David, Jaroslav. 2011. “Commemorative Place Names – Their Specificity and Problems”. Names: A Journal of Onomastics 59, no. 4: 214–228.
  19. Deletant, Dennis. 2019. Romania under Communism: Paradox and Degeneration. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
  20. Dragoman, Dragoș. 2008. “National Identity and Europeanization in Post-Communist Romania. The Meaning of Citizenship in Sibiu: European Capital of Culture 2007”. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 41, no. 1: 63–78.
  21. Duncan, Daniel. 2019. “Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming”. Names: A Journal of Onomastics 67, no. 1: 56–58.
  22. Erőss, Ágnes. 2017. “Politics of Street Names and the Reinvention of Local Heritage in the Contested Urban Space of Oradea”. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 66, no. 4: 353–367.
  23. Ferguson, Priscilla Parkhurst. 1988. “Reading City Streets”. The French Review 61, no. 3: 386–397.
  24. Foote, Kenneth E. and Maoz Azaryahu. 2007. “Toward a Geography of Memory: Geographical Dimensions of Public Memory and Commemoration”. Journal of Political & Military Sociology 35, no. 1: 125–144.
  25. Franssen, Selman. 2018. “In Paris, Amsterdam and Brussels, Feminists are Campaigning to Name More Streets after Women”. CityMetric August 15, 2019. Accessed September 20, 2019. https://www.citymetric.com/fabric/paris-amsterdam-and-brussels-feminists-are-campaigning-name-more-streets-after-women-4137
  26. genderATlas. 2015. “Straßennamen in Wien”. Accessed April 14, 2020. http://genderatlas.at/articles/strassennamen.html
  27. Gill, Graeme. 2005. “Changing Symbols: The Renovation of Moscow Place Names”. The Russian Review 64, no. 3: 480–503.
  28. Gilpin, George H. 1970. “Street-Names in San Antonio: Signposts to History”. Names: A Journal of Onomastics 18, no. 3: 191–200.
  29. Giraut, Frédéric and Myriam Houssay-Holzschuch. 2016. “Place Naming as Dispositif: Toward a Theoretical Framework”. Geopolitics 21, no. 1: 1–21.
  30. Guyot, Sylvain & Cecil Seethal. 2007. “Identity of Place, Places of Identities: Change of Place Names in Post-Apartheid South Africa”. South African Geographical Journal 89, no. 1: 55–63.
  31. Hitchins, Keith. 1994. Rumania 1866–1947. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  32. Institutul Național de Statistică. 2011. Recensământul populației și locuințelor [Population and Housing Census]. Accessed November 23, 2020. http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/
  33. Judson, Pieter M. 2016. The Habsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
  34. Kaşikçi, Mehmet Volkan. 2019. “The Soviet and the Post-Soviet: Street Names and National Discourse in Almaty”. Europe-Asia Studies 71, no. 8: 1345–1366.
  35. Kostanki, Laura. 2009. “'What’s in a Name?’”: Place and Toponymic Attachment, Identity and Dependence: A Case Study of the Grampians (Gariwerd) National Park Name Restoration Process”. PhD dissertation. University of Ballarat. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/55070
  36. Light, Duncan and Craig Young. 2004. “Toponymy as Commodity: Exploring the Economic Dimensions of Urban Place Names”. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 39, no. 3: 435–450.
  37. Light, Duncan, Ion Nicolae, and Bogdan Suditu. 2002. “Toponymy and the Communist City: Street Names in Bucharest, 1948–1965”. GeoJournal 56, no. 2: 135–144.
  38. Light, Duncan. 2004. “Street Names in Bucharest, 1990–1997: Exploring the Modern Historical Geographies of Post-socialist Change”. Journal of Historical Geography 30, no. 1: 154–172.
  39. Mácha, Přemysl. 2020. “The Symbolic Power of Place Names: The Case of the River Olše/Olza/Łolza in Northeastern Czechia”. Names: A Journal of Onomastics 68, no. 3: 169–184.
  40. Massey, Doreen. 1994. Space, Place, and Gender. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
  41. McDowell, Linda. 1993. “Space, Place and Gender Relations: Part I. Feminist Empiricism and the Geography of Social Relations”. Progress in Human Geography 17, no. 2: 157–179.
  42. Medway, Dominic and Gary Warnaby. 2014. “What’s in a Name? Place Branding and Toponymic Commodification”. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 46, no. 1: 153–167.
  43. Nazarska, Georgeta. 2013. “Bulgarian Women Intellectuals in the Collective Memory (19th–21st Century)”. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 2, no. 11: 48–51.
  44. Nicolae, Ion. 2000. “Changes of Romanian Place Names During the Communist Era”. In Post-communist Romania: Geographical Perspectives, edited by Duncan Young and David Phinnemore, 1–6. Liverpool: Liverpool Hope Press.
  45. Niculescu-Mizil, Ana-Maria. 2014. “(Re)Naming Streets in Contemporary Bucharest: From Power Distribution to Subjective Biography.” Analize: Journal of Gender and Feminist Studies 17, no. 3: 69–94.
  46. Oto-Peralías, Daniel. 2018. “What Do Street Names Tell Us? The ‘City-Text’ as Socio-Cultural Data”. Journal of Economic Geography 18, no. 1: 187–211.
  47. Palonen, Emilia. 2008. “The City-Text in Post-communist Budapest: Street Names, Memorials, and the Politics of Commemoration”. GeoJournal 73: 219–230.
  48. Perić, Ivana and Ana Kuzmanic. 2018. “Muškarcima gradovi, ženama zaborav” [Men’s Cities, Women’s Oblivion]. H-Alter. Accessed September 20, 2019. http://arhiva.h-alter.org/vijesti/muskarcima-gradovi-zenama-zaborav
  49. Petrescu, Dragoș. 2009. “Building the Nation, Instrumentalizing Nationalism: Revisiting Romanian National-Communism, 1956–1989”. Nationalities Papers 37, no. 4: 523–544.
  50. Rose-Redwood, Reuben, Derek Alderman, and Maoz Azaryahu. 2010. “Geographies of Toponymic Inscription: New Directions in Critical Place-name Studies”. Progress in Human Geography 34, no. 4: 453–470.
  51. Rose-Redwood, Reuben, Jani Vuolteenaho, Craig Young, and Duncan Light, eds. 2019. “Naming Rights, Place Branding, and the Cultural Landscapes of Neoliberal Urbanism”. Special issue. Urban Geography 40, no. 6: 747–892.
  52. Rose-Redwood, Reuben. 2011. “Critical Interventions in Political Toponymy”. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies 10, no. 1: 1–6.
  53. Rusu, Mihai Stelian. 2019a. “Mapping the Political Toponymy of Educational Namescapes: A Quantitative Analysis of Romanian School Names”. Political Geography 72: 87–98.
  54. Rusu, Mihai Stelian. 2019b. “Shifting Urban Namescapes: Street Name Politics and Toponymic Change in a Romanian(ised) City”. Journal of Historical Geography 65: 48–58.
  55. Rusu, Mihai Stelian. 2020. “Political Patterning of Urban Namescapes and Post-socialist Toponymic Change: A Quantitative Analysis of Three Romanian Cities”. Cities 105: 102773.
  56. Saparov, Arsène. 2017. “Contested Spaces: The Use of Place-Names and Symbolic Landscape in the Politics of Identity and Legitimacy in Azerbaijan”. Central Asian Survey 36, no. 4: 534–554.
  57. Sigerus, Emil. 1930. Chronik der Stadt Hermannstadt, 1100–1929 [Chronicle of Sibiu, 1100–1929]. Hermannstadt: Honterus Buchdruckerei und Verlagsanstalt der evangelischen Landeskirche A. B. in Rumänien.
  58. Spain, Daphne. 1993. “Gendered Spaces and Women’s Status”. Sociological Theory 11, no. 2: 137–151.
  59. Subotić, Slađana, Sanja Slankamenac, Rastislav Marković, Anastasija Mandić, and Marija Daković. 2018. “Creation of the Multimedia Document ‘I’m Passing through Your Street’”. Infotheca 18, no. 1: 84–93.
  60. TERYT. 2019. National Official Register of the Territorial Division of the Country. Accessed April 14, 2020. http://eteryt.stat.gov.pl/
  61. Thornton, Thomas F. 2008. Being and Place among the Tlingit. Seattle, WA: The University of Washington Press.
  62. Toponomastica Femminile. 2019. “Roma”. Accessed September 20, 2019. http://www.toponomasticafemminile.com/sito/index.php/roma
  63. Verdery, Katherine. 1991. National Ideology Under Socialism: Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceaușescu’s Romania. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
  64. Yeoh, Brenda S. A. 1996. “Street-Naming and Nation-Building: Toponymic Inscriptions of Nationhood in Singapore”. Area 28, no. 3: 298–307.
  65. Zelinsky, Wilbur. 1983. “Nationalism in the American Place-Name Cover”. Names: A Journal of Onomastics 31, no. 1: 1–28.
  66. Zelinsky, Wilbur. 1986. “The Changing Face of Nationalism in the American Landscape”. The Canadian Geographer 30, no. 2: 171–175.
  67. Zuvalinyenga, Dorcas and Liora Bigon. 2021. “Gender-biased Street Naming in Urban Sub-Saharan Africa: Influential Factors, Features and Future Recommendations”. Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 3: 589–609.