Vol. 19 No. 2 (1971)
Research Article

The Waterway of Hellespont and Bosporus: the Origin of the Names and Early Greek Haplology

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  • Demetrius J. Georgacas
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/nam.1971.19.2.65

Published 1971-06-01

Copyright (c) 1971 Maney

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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References

  1. Atlas of the World. Mid-Century Edition. Ed. by John Bartholomew. Vol. II: Southwest Asia 6s Russia. London, Times Publishing Co., 1959. [Plate 37 : Turkey East.]
  2. Otfrid Becker, “Das Bild des Weges und verwandte Vorstellungen im frühgriechischen Denken,” Hermes Einzelschriften, H. 4 (Berlin, 1937). 223 pp. [The third chapter πόρος, 23–24: an interesting assemblage of the material on 7topoç and congeners and synonyms; on Вόσπορος 26, 18f.; on πορθμός and Еλλης πορθμός, 25.]
  3. Serge von Bubnoff, Geologie von Europa (Berlin, 1939), 2, 3, pp. 1472f.
  4. Serge von Bubnoff, Neue Jahrbücher für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie 3 (1938), 1068.
  5. L. Bürchner, art. Hellespontos, RE 8 (1912), 182–188.
  6. Viktor Burr, Nostrum MareiUrsprung und Geschichte der Namen des Mittelmeeres und seiner Teilmeere im Altertum. Stuttgart, 1932 (Würzburger Studien zur Altertumswissenschaft, 4. Heft). [On the Hellespont, the Propontis and the Bosporos, Thracian and Cimmerian, including the names, pp. 11–37. This item and Ronconi’s (below) are indispensable.]
  7. A. Ch. Chatzis, “Еλλη – ‛Еλλάς – ‛Еλλν,” ЕЕФΣ of the University of Athens 1 (1935, published in 1937), 128–161. [On ‛Еλλην,” p. 135, 140f.; on ‛Еλλήσποντος, p. 136 with notes 2 and 3; on Δαρδανέλλια, p. 135f., 137 with notes 1–3, 138. The author is unaware of previous important bibliography such as Burr, Ronconi, Becker, etc.]
  8. Ch. M. Danoff, art. Pontos Euxeinos, RE, N.B., Suppl.-Band 9 (1962), 866–1175. [§11, 950–955: Die Namen des Pontos Euxeinos und seiner Teile.]
  9. Dimiter Detschew, Die thrakischen Sprachreste. Wien, 1957. (Österreich. AJcad. d. Wiss., philos.-hist. Kl.; Schriften der Balkankommission, Lingu. Abt. XIV). [On the place- names with -para, -phara, -παρον, -paro, -παρος, pp. 356f. Cf. J. Puhvel, Language 33 (1957), 439–40; A. Heubeck, BNF 9 (1958) 118–122; G. Solta, IF 46 (1961) 65–78.]
  10. Dimiter Detschew, Charakteristik der thrakischen Sprache. Sofia, 1952. (Public, de l’Acad. Bulgare des Sciences.) A new ed., LB, Annexe, 1957.
  11. Dionysius Byzantius, Anaplus Bospori, ed. Rud. Güngerich. Berolini, 1927 ; 2nd ed., 1958.
  12. Eitrem, art. Io(Iώ), RE 9 (1916), 1732–1743.
  13. R. Engelmann, art. Helena, Roschers Lexikon d. Myth., I2 (1886–90), 1968–78.
  14. R. Engelmann, art. Io, Roschers Lexikon d. Myth., II1 (1890–93), 263–280.
  15. A. Fick, Die ehemalige Spracheinheit der Indogermanen Europas. Eine sprachgeschichtliche Untersuchung. Göttingen, 1873. [Thracian -para is considered to be present also in Вόσπορος.]
  16. A. Fick, “Altgriechische Ortsnamen,” BB 21 (1896), 268f., 283; 22 (1897), 11, 61, 63, 67, 97 [on Вόσπορος, p. 11]; 23 (1897), 226; 24 (1899), 295 [on Thracian -para and Gr. πόρος].
  17. P. Friedländer, art. Helle 2, RE 8 (1912), 159–163.
  18. Vladimir Georgiev, “La toponymie ancienne de la Peninsule Balkanique et la thèse méditerranéenne,” LB 3,1 (1961), 5–62. [II. Région thrace, 9–11 ; some 41 examples with -para and similar; six more are added to these by Georgiev but are rather doubtful.]
  19. Vladimir Georgiev, “Hellespontos and Bosporos,” LB 3, 2 (1961), 25–27.
  20. L. Grasberger, Studien zu den griechischen Ortsnamen. Würzburg, 1888. [On Вσπορος, p. 95; on this and Πόρος, Πορθμός, etc., p. 21 Iff.]
  21. R. Guilland, “La chaîne de la Corne d’Or,” EEBS 25 (1955), 99,104 [on λιμήν Вοσπόριος, τό Вοσπόριον, also λ. Προσϕόριος, Προσϕόριον].
  22. Paul Haupt, “Philological and Archeological Studies,” AJP (1924), 238–259. [Under caption 7. The Hittite Name of Troy, pp. 252–255, the author speaks of ‘Еλλήσποντος and the etymon of "Еλλη from έλος “meadow land,” with no explanation of the XX. With a reservation, Haupt’s interpretation is accepted by V. Burr, Nostrum mare (1932), p. 12 note 5: “vielleicht ist
  23. R. Hoernes, “Die Bildung des Bosporus und der Dardanellen,” SB d. Akad. d.iWïssiWien, mathem.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1, vol. 118 (1909), 693–758. [Superseded by the following.]
  24. R. Hoernes, “Das Bosporusproblem,” SB d. Akad. d.iWissiWien, mathem.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1, vol. 120 (1911), 1087–1111.
  25. E. B. J., art. Bosporus Thracius, W. Smith (ed.), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (London, 1878), 422b–424b ; idem, art. Bosporus Cimmerius, ibid. 421b–422b; idem, art. Hellespontus, ibid. 1038b–1039a.
  26. Günther Jachmann, “Der Name Hellespont,” RhM 70 (1915), 640–644.
  27. Norbert Jokl, art. Thraker. B. Sprache, Eberts RLV 13 (1929), 278–298. [On the linguistic matters, 284–296; on -para, -pera 285b und 289a.]
  28. Alfred Klotz, “Über die Bedeutung des Namens Hellespont bei den Geographen,” RhM 68 (1913), 286–296. Cf. Jachmann.
  29. P. Kretschmer, Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache. Göttingen, 1896. [Die thrakisch-phrygischen Stämme, 170–243; Stellung der thrakisch-phrygischen Sprache, 217–243. On -παρος, -παρα, p. 221.] Cf. A. Fick, [review of this book] BB 24 (1899), 295.
  30. P. Kretschmer, “Literaturbericht für das Jahr 1935. Griechisch,” Glotta 27 (1939), 29. [On the names ‘Еλλήσποντος and Вόσπορος.]
  31. Albin Lesky, Thalatta; der Weg der Griechen zum Meer. Vienna, 1947.
  32. Albin Lesky, “Hellos-Hellotis, III,” Wiener Studien 46 (1927/28) 107–129. [On goddess Helle and Hellespontos, pp. 127–129.]
  33. F. Machatschek, Das Relief der Erde (Berlin, 1955), l2. 509f. [Die Balkanhalbinsel; das Bosporusgebiet. ]
  34. L. Malten, “Motivgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur Sagenforschung III. Hero und Leander,” RhMiN.F., 93 (1949/50), 65–81. [On Bosporos and Hellespont, 71 ff.; "Еλλα and Фωσϕόρος, 79; etc.; also bibliography is listed on p. 71 note 23.]
  35. A. M. Mansei, art. Hellespontos, Der Kleine Pauly 2 (1967), 1010–1012.
  36. A. Merz, “Die Strömungen des Bosporus,” Bibliothek Geographischer Handbücher, N.F., Festband Albrecht Penck (Stuttgart, 1928), pp. 277–295.
  37. A. Merz, “Die Strömungen von Bosporus und Dardanellen,” Verhandlungen des 20. Deutschen Geographischen Tages Juni 1921, pp. 106–112. [These two items by A. Merz are superseded by the following item, especially chapter B. Die Strömungen, pp. 99–152.]
  38. A. Merz, Hydrographische Untersuchungen in Bosporus und Dardanellen, bearbeitet von Lotte Möller. (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Meereskunde, Univ. Berlin, N.F., A. Geographisch-naturwissenschaftliche Reihe, H. 18.) Berlin, [1928]. 284 pp. Also atlas. [The author Alfred Merz made his observations in the Bosporus 22 Sept. to 14 Oct. 1917, 6 May to 5 June 1918, and 19 June to 21 July 1918. The observations by Merz at 186 stations in the Bosporus and 115 stations in the Dardanelles are listed on pp. 233–284. After his death in 1925 Lotte Möller worked out the data. Cf. the chapter “Morphologie und Geologie der Meerengen. A. Bosporus” (pp. 38–41) and “B. Dardanellen” (41–44). Their joint work remained the standard treatise on the Bosporus up to 1946 (cf. Ullyott and Ilgaz in this bibliography).]
  39. E. Meyer, art. Bosporos (Вόσπορος) 1, Der Kleine Pauly 1 (1964) 933f.
  40. E. Oberhummer, art. Bosporos, RE 3 (1899), 741–757.
  41. E. Oberhummer, art. Hellespontos, RE 8 (1912), 188–193.
  42. Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. Hellespont.
  43. W. Penck, “Bau- und Oberflächenformen der Dardanellenlandschaft,” Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde (Berlin), 1917, pp. 30–49.
  44. W. Penck, Grundzüge der Geologie des Bosporus. Berlin, 1919. (Veröffentlichungen des Inst. f. Meereskunde, N.F., A. Geograph.-naturwiss. Reihe, 4.) 71 p. Geologische Kartenskizze des Bosporusgebietes. [Das Bosporustal, 58–69. Summary, 68f.]
  45. A. Philippson, “Bosporus und Hellespont,” GZ 4 (1898), 16–26. [A lecture; also comparison of the Bosporus valley with the Rheintal; p. 17 note 1, five items of bibliography on Bosporus; p. 23 note, three on the Hellespont. The whole superseded by his Das Mittelmeergebieft (1922); cf. also R. Hoernes and W. Penck.]
  46. A. Philippson, Kleinasien, in Handbuch der regionalen Geologie 5, 2, Heft 22 (Heidelberg, 1918), 183 pp.
  47. A. Philippson, Das Mittelmeergebiet; seine geographische und kulturelle Eigenart4. Leipzig, Berlin, 1922. [Die Mittelmeerzone eine Bruchzone, 6–7; Erosionstäler des Hellespont und Bosporus, 18–21 ; Flußtäler des H. und B., 44; die Strömungen im B. und H., 52; etc.]
  48. Theodore Reinach, “Le Bosphore chez Eschyle,” REG 36, No. 164 (1923), 62–65; idem, ibid., 349f.
  49. G. Rohlfs, “Flußnamen im heutigen Kalabrien,” BNF, NF, 4 (1969), 114–142.
  50. A. Ronconi, “Per l’onomastica antica dei mari,” SIFG 9 (1931) 193–242 and 257–331. [II Bosforo, 220–225; Ellesponto e Propontide, 225–242. Cf. Burr, above.]
  51. W. H. Roscher (ed.), Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie. 6 vols in 9. Leipzig-Berlin, 1884–1937. I1 (1884–85), I2 (1886–90), II1 (1890–93), II2 (1894–97), III1 (1897–1902), III2 (1902–09), IV (1909–15), V (1916–24), and VI (ed. K. Ziegler) (1924–37). Suppl. I (E. H. Berger), 1904. Suppl. II (O. Gruppe), 1921. [Articles: R. Engelmann on Io II1, coll. 263–280; K. Seeliger on Athamas I1, coll. 669–675; R. Engelmann on Helena, I2, coll. 1977f.; K. Seeliger on Helle, I2, coll. 2028 f.; Türk on Phrixos, III2, coll. 2458–2467.]
  52. Martin Rudolph, ΠΟΡΟΣ. Marburg, 1912. [Discussion in Latin of the development of the word through almost the entire Greek literature with a rich collection of the relevant material, also of the adjectives compounded with -πορος; largely superseded by O. Becker, “Das Bild des Weges usw.”]
  53. K. Seeliger, art. Helle, Roschers Lexikon d. Mythol., I2 (1886–90), 2028–2029.
  54. K. Seeliger, art. Athamas, Roschers Lexikon d. Mythol. I1 (1884–85), 669–675.
  55. W. Sieglin, “Die Ausdehnung des Hellespontes bei den antiken Geographen,” Beiträge zur alten Geschichte und Geographie. Festschrift für Heinrich Kiepert (Berlin, 1898), 323–331. [On the sea stretches which the name Hellespont designated in the ancient authors, who display five coverages. The author presents all pertinent statements and interprets them. The matter was investigated anew by A. Klotz and some important corrections were made (see A. Klotz, RhM 68 [1913], 286–296, and A. Ronconi, SIFC 9 [1931], 225–242.)
  56. William Smith (ed.), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (London, 1878), s. vv. Bosporus Cimmerius, Bosporus Thracius, Hellespontus.
  57. George R. Stewart, American Place-names. New York, 1970.
  58. P. de Tchihatcheff, Le Bosphore et Constantinople. Paris, 1864. 3rd ed., 1877.
  59. Wilhelm Tomaschek, Die alten Thraker. Eine ethnologische Untersuchung. I: Übersicht der Stämme,SB d. philos.-hist. CI. d. k. Akad. d.iWissiWien, 128 (1893), IV. Abhandlung, pp. 1–130; II: Die Sprachreste. 1. Hälfte: Glossen aller Art und Götternameniibid., 130 (1894), II. Abhandlung, pp. 1–70; 2. Hälfte: Personen- und Ortsnamen, ibid., 131 (1894), I. Abhandlung, pp. 1–103. [To a large degree superseded by the work of
  60. D. Detschew. 130.16: on -παρος, -παρος, -phara; 131.63: names in -para, -pera, -παρος.]
  61. N. Tunçdilek, et alii, art. Bosporus, EBr 3 (1970), 985b–986a.
  62. N. Tunçdilek, et alii, art. Dardanelles, EBr 7 (1970), 73. [A map shows the exact length of the strait of the Dardanelles.]
  63. Türk, art. Phrixos, Roschers Lexicon d. Mythol., Ill2 (1902–1909), 2458–67.
  64. Philip Ullyott and Orhan Ilgaz, “The Hydrography of the Bosporus: An Introduction,” GR 36, No. 1 (1946), 44^66. [An excellent review of the hydrographical investigations with bibliography and presentation of the authors’ theory. The authors have refuted the explanation of the movements of the waters of the Bosporus propounded by Alfred Merz and Lotte Mölleras untenable ; the subsurface current never reaches the Black Sea.]
  65. K. Vlahov, “Das thrakische Wort PARA und seine Deutung,” Ziva Antika (Antiquité Vivante) (Skopje) 15 (1966), 295–304.
  66. Eugène Belin de Ballu, Uhistoire des colonies grecques du littoral nord de la Mer Noireibibliographie annotée des ouvrages et articles publiés en URSS de 1940 à 1962. 2nd ed. Leiden, Brill, 1965. [See Rostovtsev below.]
  67. BICS = Bulletin of the Institutes of Classical Studies. London.
  68. A. Delatte, Les portulans grecs. Paris-Liège, 1947.
  69. [Great Britain] Hydrographic Department, Admiralty. The Black Sea Pilot, comprising the Dardanelles, Sea of Marmara, Bosporus, Black Sea, and Sea, of Azov. 8th ed., 1930. London, 1930. 420 p. Index, 385–412 [The recent ed. was late; see p. 127.]
  70. Idem, Supplement, No. 8 – 1940, relating to the Black Sea Piloticorrected to 20th Mayi1940. London, 1940. 83 p. [Additions, alterations, and deletions are made on the preceding item. On p. 82f. 55 new or altered names are listed alphabetically.]
  71. Th. Homolle, “Inscriptions et monuments figurés de la Thrace,” Melanges d'archéologie et d'épigraphie, 1892, pp. 307–581. [This material was used also by W. Tomaschek.]
  72. JHS = Journal of Hellenic Studies.
  73. Albin Lesky, “Hethitische Texte und griechischer Mythos,” Anzeiger der Österreich. Akad. d. Wiss., philos.-hist. Kl., Jahrg. 1950, Nr. 9, pp. 137–159 [on the origin of the myth of the gods in Hesiod’s Theogony from the Near Eastern mythologies].
  74. G. G. Mateescu, “I Traci nelle epigrafi di Roma,” Ephemer is Dacoromania 1 (1923), 65–70, 92 [lists many other works on Thracian].
  75. Robert Mayer, “Über die Meeresstraße von Konstantinopel als Durchgangslinie,” Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft Wien, 1942, pp. 117–142 [I have not seen this].
  76. Eugen Oberhummer, art. Bus, RE 5 (1897), 1072; cf. also id., RE 5 (1897), 754f.
  77. Idem, “Die Meerengen als Erdteilgrenze,” Bulletin de VInstitut Archéologique Bulgare 16 = Sbornik Gavril Katsarov (Sofia, 1950), pp. 301–303.
  78. S. Piggott, “Iron, Cimmerians, and Aeschylus,” Antiquity (Cambridge) 38 (1964), 300–303.
  79. F. Preisigke, Namenbuch. Heidelberg, 1922. Cf. the supplement by D. Foraboschi (above, p. 113, note 22).
  80. Michael Rostovtsev [1870–1952], Skythien und der Bosporus. Band I : Kritische Übersicht der schriftlichen und archäologischen Quellen. Berlin, 1931. Large format, 651 pp. [On pp. 613–628 abundant bibliography up to 1930 of works relating to the history, archaeology, and culture of the Cimmerian Bosporus. But no material on, or explanations of, place-names are included. See above Ballu.]
  81. TAPA = Transactions of the American Philological Association.
  82. WZULeipz = Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Universität Leipzig, Gesellschafts- und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe.
  83. II. ON THE MYTH OF HELLE AND PHJRIXOS
  84. Arthur B. Cook, Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion. 3 vols. Cambridge, 1914/25/40. Vol. 1 (1914), 414–419.
  85. O. Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte (München, 1906), 565, 1146.
  86. L. Radermacher, Mythos und Sage bei den Griechen3. Vienna, 1943.
  87. Carl Robert, Die griechische Heldensage. 1. Buch: Landschaftliche Sagen (Berlin, 1920), pp. 41–51.
  88. III. ON THE MYTH OF IO {AND EPAPHOS)
  89. Jean Bérard, “Les Hyksos et la légende d’Io; recherches sur la période prémycénienne,’. Syria (Paris) 29 (1952), 1–43 [a very important new approach].
  90. Idem, “De la légende grecque à la Bible, Phaéton et les sept vaches maigres,” Revue de Vhistoire des religions (Paris) 51 (1957), 221–230 [important as the preceding item].
  91. Arthur B. Cook, Zeus, Vol. 1 (1914), 438f. [on Io]; 453–438f. [Hera and Io]
  92. R. Engelmann, “Die Jo-Sage,” Jahrbuch des Icais. Deutschen Archäolog. Instituts (Berlin) 18 (1903), 37–58.
  93. Lewis R. Famell, The Cults of the Greek Stales (Oxford, 1907), 1. 199f. [on Io],
  94. Joseph Fontenrose, Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and its Origins (Berkeley, 1959). [On Io pp. 185, 314, 338, 484.]
  95. H. von Geisau, art. Io, Der Kleine Pauly 2 (1967), 1426f.
  96. O. Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte. München, 1906. [2.59, 460, 503, 747, 1125.]
  97. Ruth I. Hicks, “Egyptian Elements in Greek Mythology,” TAPA 93 (1962), 90–108. [Four myths are discussed, those of Io, Helen, The Danaides, and Busiris. The first among these is the “Metamorphosis and Wandering of Io,” pp. 93–97. The author concludes that these myths were borrowed from Egypt but are Greek in spirit.]
  98. Joseph C. Hoppin, “Argos, Io, and the Prometheus of Aeschylus,” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 12 (1901), 335–345. [Analysis of the artistic conception of the Io myth in Greece until the fifth cent., examination of the literary evidence, and comparison of the two. Conclusions, p. 345.]
  99. Felix Jacoby, “IQ KAAAI0YE2SA,” Hermes 57 (1922), 366–374. Cf. Hesychius s.
  100. Ch. Josserand, “Io et le Taon,” L’Antiquité Classique 6 (1937), 259–263.
  101. Gerhard Kahlo, “Die jungfräuliche Mutter Io,” WZULeipz, 11 (1962), 425–429.
  102. Reinhold Merkelbach, “Les papyrus d’Hésiode et la géographie mythologique de la Grèce,” Chronique d’Égypte (Bruxelles) 43 (1968), 133–155. [A survey of the content of the fragments of the new edition of the (Hesiodic) Catalogue; the great généalogie trees, including the genealogy of Io. Very important for mythological geography.]
  103. UbertoPestalozza, “ΒΟΩΠΙΣ ΠΟΤΝΙΑ ‘ΗΡΗ,” Athenaeum, NS, 17 (1939), 105–137.
  104. Eugen Plew, “Zu dem Mythus von der Io,” Neue Jahrbücher für Philologie und Pädagogik 101 (1870), 665–672. Cf. also his review of J. Overbeck’s Commentatio de lone (1872) in: Neue Jahrbücher für classische Philologie 107 (1873), 1, pp. 697–700.
  105. Carl Robert, Die griechische Heldensage. 1. Buch: Landschaftliche Sagen (Berlin, 1920), pp. 253–266.
  106. Wilhelm H. Roscher, Über Selene und Verwandtes. Leipzig, 1890. {Studien zur griechischen Mythologie und Kulturgeschichte vom vergleichenden Standpunkte, 4. Heft.) 202 p. [Kapitel II: Die Namen der griechischen Mondgöttin, pp. 16–18.]
  107. Idem, Nachträge zu meiner Schrifti“Über Selene und Verwandtes” (Leipzig, 1895, 56 p.) [Kap. II, p. 19f.]
  108. Edith Schönert, “Der Io-Mythos auf den Silbermünzen von Byzanz,” Helikon 6 (1966), 174–182. [The author’s result is negative; no cow is represented on the coins of Byzantion but an ox-head that symbolizes cattle-breeding in the area, as the dolphin on other coins symbolizes Bosporos, the sea.]
  109. Albert Severyns, “Le Cycle épique et l’épisode d’Io (Eschyle, Prométhée, 771 et s.),” Le Musée Belge (Liège-Paris) 30 (1926), 119–130.
  110. C. Sourdille, “Une théorie récente sur la formation du mythe d’Épaphos,” Revue des études anciennesiée série, 14 (1912), 267–276. [A refutation of the article of the American Ivan M. Linforth, “Epaphos and the Egyptian Apis,” University of California Publications in Classical Philology 2 (1910), No. 5, pp. 81–92].
  111. J. Vürtheim, Aischylos’ Schutzflehende (mit ausführlicher Einleitung, Text, Kommentar, Exkursen und Sachregister). Amsterdam, 1928, 30–41 [on Epaphos], 49–53 [on Io], 54–59 [Herkunft des Mythos].
  112. Fritz Wehrli, “Io, Dichtung und Kulturlegende,” Festschrift f. Karl Schefold (Bern, 1967), pp. 196–199.
  113. Joseph Wiesner, Olympos: Götter, Mythen und Stätten von Hellas. Topographischmythologischer Führer durch das klassische Hellas (Nieder-Ramstadt bei Darmstadt: E. Techow,1960), 56f., 79.